Alternative Modes of Planning Domain and Direction Planning Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The purpose of strategic planning is to rationalize and articulate the process of integrated decision making among firms. Planning can be strategic or operational where strategic planning pertains to long-term planning and operational to short-term planning. A study of ninety-seven small firms in central Iowa, in the USA, was conducted to evaluate the planning/performance relationship (Shrader et al cited in French, Kelly and Harrison, 2004). The study found that planning and performance are inter-related but small firms seldom undertook strategic planning and there was a possibility they were missing out on potential benefits. Sophistication in the planning process and quality of planning can help achieve organizational goals and not the time spent in the planning process (French, Kelly and Harrison, 2004). Larger firms engage in long-term strategic planning while smaller firms focus on operational planning. The authors also cite that mission and vision are the key variables in str ategic planning and there is no empirical evidence to support the claim that it positively impacts firm performance. People relate the future with goals but alternative modes of planning such as domain and direction planning do not involve goal-setting. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Modes of Planning: Domain and Direction Planning or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Planning can differ across organizational culture, size and situation. When people create an image of the future and then plan, it implies setting specific, objective and measurable goals. McCaskey observes that such planning is workable after the problem has been identified and defined. Moreover, goals are made to rationalize the decision or plans that have been made in advance. Such rationalization and justification for actions may blind the management to the unforeseen circumstances such as the external and the internal environment. Contingency theorists recognize several different modes of planning and the planning process should be aligned with the given situation (McCaskey, 1976). Planning for a well-defined problem in a stable environment is likely to be a rational process with specific objectives and measurable goals. With an ill-defined problem in a fuzzy environment, the planning process would depend on intuition.

Econ 515 Essay - 765 Words

Economics 515 AU12 Midterm 3 Review The exam will have 10, 10-point questions on it from the questions below. 1. Explain briefly how guns and steel aided in Europeans’ attempts to conquer the native population of Africa and the Americas. How did germs work in favor of European conquest against the Incas? How did germs work against the Europeans in their imperialist efforts in Africa? 2. Describe the attempt of Europeans to colonize Africa depicted in Guns, Germs, and Steel. Specifically, how successful were they in South Africa? What happened when they encountered the Khoisan tribes? How about the Zulu? Were they able to successfully settle the interior? Why or why not? 3. List 3 positive impacts on standards†¦show more content†¦8. What was the Zollverein? List 2 other similar arrangements in the Free-Trade Era of Europe. Who were the Junkers? How and why did they successful lobby for protectionist tariffs? Who agitated the passage of the Meline tariff of 1892 and why? 9. Describe important developments in communications and transportation during the Transition Period. Talk about how the backward linkages and forward linkages from these innovations increased growth. 10. Provide three detailed examples of how government interventions promoted economic development during Transition period, 1830-1870. 11. In what two aspects was the 2nd Industrial Revolution different than the 1st Industrial Revolution? List 3 inventions of the 2nd Industrial Revolution. What was the American System of Manufacturing? List 2 industries in which this system was utilized by the Second Industrial Revolution. 12. Discuss the increase in steel production during the Second Industrial Revolution. Specifically, what technological improvements led to greater mass production? Quantify this increase. List 2 forward linkages from the steel industry. 13. Discuss how Great Britains macroeconomic growth lagged that of other countries since the 2nd Industrial Revolution. 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Free on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Essay Example For Students

Free on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Essay Gawain Green Knight Essays Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The poet begins his work by reminding us that the history of Britain is both ancient and glorious; Aeneas, whose deeds in the Trojan War are legendary, whose exploits in war are recorded in Virgils Aeneid, and who is legendary for having founded the city of Rome after the Trojan War, was the ancestor of a man named Felix Brutus who founded Britain (;Britain; comes from ;Brutus;). The most noble of the kings that followed Brutus was Arthur; the poet says that he intends to tell one of the wondrous tales of Arthur. One Christmas at Camelot, the king, his queen Guinevere, and the court gather for fifteen days of celebration. The best and noblest of people and activities are there: brave and famous men who compete in military games, beautiful and gracious ladies who play kissing games with the men. There is the most wonderful entertainment-dancing, feasting, singing. On New Years Day, there is a tremendous feast at which all gather together. Arthur, young and impulsive, has a feast-day tradition, though, which has to be observed before the meal. He would not eat on such an occasion until he observed something marvelous: the telling of an amazing story, the fighting of a glorious battle, or the like. Arthur presides over the feast at the high table with Guinevere and Gawain and other famous knights as music plays and the food is brought in-so many delicacies and elaborate dishes that the poet says it would be impossible to describe them all. In the midst of the preparations for the feast, and as Arthur waits for a marvel to take place so that he can eat, a huge and terrible man bursts into the hall-a giant of a man, his chest and limbs are massive even while his proportions show him to be fit and attractive. The most shocking thing about him is that he was completely green. The poet spends most of the next three stanzas describing the Green Knight in detail; first, we learn of his clothing, trimmed in fur and embroidery, all green and gold. Then we learn that the horse he rides, the saddle, and the stirrups are all green. The mans long hair matches that of the horse, and he has a great, thick beard, also green. The horses hair is elaborately braided and knotted; the apparel of the man and the trappings on the horse are all beautiful and of the best craftsmanship. The Green Knight wears no armor-indeed, he seems dressed for a holiday-and carries only a sprig of holly in one hand, and in the other a gigantic battle-axe. Fitt 1 part 1 Commentary This poem begins with the common trope of tracing the lineage of the rulers of Britain all the way back to the only other magnificent civilization known to the West, the Roman Empire. By tracing back the royal family tree to Aeneas, a soldier who escaped from the fallen city of Troy and who founded Rome, the poet is making the claim that the English rulers have just as good a pedigree, and lead a civilization just as important, as those associated with glorious Rome. The function of the high table is worth noting. The high table was a feasting table that was raised on a platform so that all who were eating below it could see those seated up higher, and those sitting on the platform could see all those down below. The purpose was clearly to elevate the most prestigious of the feasters so that they could see and be seen. The arrangement of guests is also useful to notice; the guests seated most closely to the king and queen were those who were esteemed most highly. Because Gawain sits at this table near the queen, we know that (no matter what modest things he says later) he is an important member of this court. .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf , .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .postImageUrl , .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf , .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:hover , .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:visited , .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:active { border:0!important; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:active , .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c625bc164ff58dd13d20176204320bf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Great Teachers, Bad Students EssayExposition and description are among the chief beauties of this text. Dont rush through the descriptions of the ornate clothing, furnishings, food, and courteous manners-these are all centerpieces .